1. Introduction
Peter S. Hooda
2.Trace Elements: General Soil Chemistry, Principles and Processes
Filip M.G. Tack
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Distribution of trace elements in the soil
2.3 Chemical species
2.4 Sorption and desorption
2.5 Precipitation and dissolution
2.6 Mobilisation of trace elements
2.7 Transport
2.8 Plant uptake
2.9 Concluding remarks
References
3. Soil Sampling and Sample Preparation
Anthony C. Edwards
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Soil sampling
3.3 Errors associated with soil sampling and preparation
3.4. Overview of the current situation
3.5 Scale and variability
3.6 Conclusions
References
4. Analysis and Fractionation of Trace Elements in Soils
Gijis Du Laing
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Total Analysis
4.3. Fractionation of Trace Elements
4.4. Species-retaining and Species-selective Leaching Techniques
4.5. Equipment for Direct Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil
4.6. Conclusions
References
5. Fractionation and Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil Solution
Gijis Du Laing
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Soil Solution Sampling, Storage and Filtration
5.3. Particle Size Fractionation
5.4. Liquid-liquid Extraction
5.5. Ion Exchange Resins and Solid Phase Extraction
5.6. Derivatisation Techniques to Create Volatile Species
5.7. Chromatographic Separation of Trace Element Species
5.8. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
5.9. Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT)
5.10. Ion-selective Electrodes
5.11. Donnan Membrane Technique
5.12. Voltammetric Techniques
5.13. Microelectrodes and Microsensors
5.14. Models for Predicting Metal Speciation in Soil Solution
5.15. Conclusions
References
6. Long-Term Issues, Impacts And Predictive Modelling
Weiping Chen, Andrew C. Chang, Laosheng Wu, Albert L. Page and Bonjun Koo
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biosolids-borne Trace Elements in Soils
6.3 Assessing Availability of Trace Elements in Biosolids-amended Soils
6.4 Long-Term Availability Pool Assessment through a Root Exudates-based Model
6.5 Conclusions
References
7. Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants in Soils
Samuel P. Stacey, Mike J. McLaughlin and Ganga Hettiarachchi
7.1 Introduction
7.2. Phosphatic Fertilisers
7.3. Micronutrient Fertilisers
7. 4. Long-term Accumulation of Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants
7.5. Trace Elemental Contaminant Transfer to Crops and Grazing Animals
7.6. Conclusions
References
8. Trace Metal Exposure and Effects on Soil Dwelling Species and their Communities
David J. Spurgeon
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hazards and Consequences of Trace Metal Exposure
8.3. Routes of Exposure, Uptake and Detoxification
8.4. Conclusions
References
9. Trace Element Deficient Soils
Rainer Schulin, Annette Johnson, and Emmanuel Frossard
9.1 Introduction
9.2. The concept of trace element deficient soils
9.3. Methods to identify and map soil trace element deficiencies
9.4. Soil factors associated with trace element deficiencies
9.5. Treatment of soils deficient in trace elements
References
10. Application of Chemical Speciation Modelling to Studies on Toxic Element Behaviour in Soils
Les J. Evans, Sarah J. Barabash, David G. Lumsdon and Xueyuan Gu
10.1. Introduction
10.2. The structure of chemical speciation models
10.3. The species/component matrix
10.4. Aqueous Speciation Modeling
10.5. Surface Complexation Modeling to Mineral Surfaces
10.6. Surface Complexation Modelling to Soil Organic Matter
10.7. Discussion
References
Bioavailability, Risk Assessment and Remediation
11. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements
Peter S. Hooda
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Speciation, Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation – Definitions and Concepts
11.3. Bioavailability Assessment Approaches
11.4.Discussion and Conclusions
References
Bioavailability: Exposure, Dose and Risk Assessment
12. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements
Rupert L. Hough
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Hazard Identification
12.3. Exposure Assessment
12.4. Dose-Response
12.5. Risk Characterisation
12.6 Assessment of mixtures and disparate risks
12.7 Conclusions
References
13. Regulatory Limits for Trace Elements in Soils
Graham Merrington, Sohel Saikat and Albania Grosso
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Derivation of regulatory limits for trace elements
13.3. National and international initiatives in setting limit values
13.4. Forward look
13.5. Conclusions
14 Phytoremediation of Soil Trace ElementsRufus L. Chaney, C. Leigh Broadhurst and Tiziana Centofanti
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Nature of soil contamination where phytoextraction may be applied
14.3. Need for metal tolerant hyperaccumulators for practical phytoextraction
14.4. Phytoremediation strategies – applications and limitations
14.5. Phytostabilization of Zn-Pb, Cu, or Ni mine waste or smelter contaminated soils
14.6. Recovery of elements from phytoextraction biomass
14.7. Risks to wildlife during phytoextraction operations?
14.8 Conclusions
References
15. Trace Element Immobilization in Soil Using Amendments
Jurate Kumpiene
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Soil Amendments for Trace Element Immobilization
15.3 Method Acceptance
15.4 Concluding remarks
References
Characteristics and Behaviour of Individual Elements
16. Arsenic and Antimony
Yuji Arai
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Geogenic Occurrence
16.3. Sources of Soil Contamination
16.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils
16.5 Arsenic retention in soils
16.6 Risks from As and Sb in Soils
16.7 Conclusions and Future Research Needs
References
17. Cadmium and Zinc
Rufus L. Chaney
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Geogenic occurrence and sources of soil contamination
17.3. Chemical behavior in soils
17.4. Plant accumulation of soil Cd and Zn
17.5. Risk implications for Cd in soil amendments
17.6. Plant uptake of Cd and Zn in relation to food-chain Cd risk
17.7. Food-chain Zn issues
References
18. Copper and Lead
Rupert L. Hough
18.1 Introduction
18.2. Copper
18.3. Lead
18.4. Risks from copper and lead
18.5 Concluding remarks
References
19. Chromium, Cobalt and Nickel
Yibing Ma and Peter S. Hooda
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Geogenic Occurrences
19.3. Sources of Soil Contamination
19.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils
19.5. Environmental and Human Heath Risks
19.6. Concluding Remarks
References
20. Manganese and Selenium
Zhenli L. He, Jiali Shentu, and Xiao E. Yang
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Concentrations and Sources of Mn and Se in soils
20.3. Chemical Behavior of Mn and Se in soils
20.4. Effects on Plant, Animal and human Health
References
21. Tin and Mercury
Martin J. Clifford, Gavin M. Hilson and Mark E. Hodson
20.1. Introduction
21.2. Geogenic Occurrence
21.3. Sources of Soil Contamination
21.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils
21.5. Risks from Tin and Mercury in Soils
References
22. Molybdenum, Silver, Thallium,and Vanadium
Les J. Evans and Sarah J. Barabash
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Molybdenum
22.3. Silver
22.4. Thallium
22.5. Vanadium
22.6. Environmental and Human Health Risks
References
23. Gold and Uranium
Ian D. Pulford
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Geogenic Occurrence
23.3. Soil Contamination
23.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils
23.5. Risks from Gold and Uranium in Soils
23.6. Concluding Comments
References
24. Platinum Group Elements in Soil
F. Zereini and C.L.S. Wiseman
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Sources of PGE in soils
24.3. Emissions, Depositional Behavior and Concentrations in Soils
24.4. Geochemical Behaviour in Soils
24.5. Bioavailability
24.6. Conclusions
References
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